{"id":191967,"date":"2024-03-08T09:55:20","date_gmt":"2024-03-08T07:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fendaf.ee\/uncategorized-et-en\/koera-iseloom-ja-seos-touga\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T20:52:39","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:52:39","slug":"dog-breed-and-personality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fendaf.ee\/en\/behavior\/dog-breed-and-personality\/","title":{"rendered":"Dog personality and breed: what genes can and cannot predict"},"content":{"rendered":"

If someone had asked me years ago to describe a German Shepherd, I would probably have spoken confidently about alertness, trainability and a desire to work with people. Some of those expectations have a basis: working traits have been deliberately selected during the development of breeds. But when Faddu, Fenton and later Oscar joined our family, one question became increasingly interesting to me. How much does a breed name really tell us about the dog looking at us over breakfast?<\/p>\n

On one woodland walk, Faddu caught the scent of deer and began following the trail. When the deer appeared about 50 metres away, Oscar saw them too. He simply stood still and watched. Two German Shepherds, the same forest, the same stimulus and two completely different reactions. That is my own experience, not a scientific study, but an excellent reminder that a pedigree does not come with an instruction manual for personality. :D<\/p>\n

Does a dog’s personality depend on its breed?<\/h2>\n

Yes, but not as directly as we often assume. Breeds differ on average in some behavioural tendencies. That does not mean that breed determines an individual dog’s friendliness, fears, prey drive or suitability for living with children. Variation within a breed can be considerable.<\/p>\n

Two questions often get mixed up here. First, are there genetically related differences in average behaviour between breeds? Often, yes. Second, can we reliably predict an individual dog’s personality from its breed name? In my view, generally not.<\/p>\n

Two important studies that should not be confused<\/h2>\n

In 2019, Evan MacLean and colleagues published a study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B combining behavioural data from more than 14,000 dogs representing 101 breeds with breed-level genomic data. They found inherited differences between breeds in several behavioural traits. The research shows that selective breeding throughout canine history has left its mark on behaviour.<\/p>\n

In 2022, Kathleen Morrill and colleagues used the Darwin’s Ark project to survey the owners of 18,385 dogs about their pets’ behaviour and analysed genomes from 2,155 dogs. Their findings produced a frequently quoted number: breed explained roughly 9% of the variation in individual dogs’ behaviour in that dataset. It does not mean that precisely 9% of every dog’s personality comes from breed while the remaining 91% comes from upbringing. It is a statistical estimate of explanatory power, not a recipe for personality.<\/p>\n

Do these studies contradict each other? The 2019 study focused on differences between breeds and their heritability. The 2022 study asked how much knowing a dog’s breed helps predict that particular dog’s behaviour. A population average and a prediction about an individual are not the same thing. Howling might be more common in some groups of hunting dogs, but that does not mean every member of the group howls. Likewise, an unusually calm Border Collie or a retriever with no interest in balls is not somehow “defective”.<\/p>\n

Why do dogs of the same breed behave so differently?<\/h2>\n

Inherited predisposition is only part of the picture. Behaviour is also shaped by the mother and early experiences, the quality of puppy socialisation, learning, age, surroundings and current health. Even the same genetic variants do not always result in identical behaviour. What we see is the interaction of many genes and a lifetime of experience.<\/p>\n

Socialising a puppy does not mean exposing it to as many people and dogs as possible. Experiences should be safe, manageable and mostly positive. Forcing a frightened puppy to “put up with” overwhelming situations can have the opposite effect. Adult dogs can also learn, although their earlier experiences and temperament remain relevant.<\/p>\n

The same applies to exercise and enrichment. A dog that spends its days without opportunities to sniff, explore, move and rest may become more restless. Yet not all restlessness means insufficient exercise. If a dog is in pain or already overloaded, another long walk may not help.<\/p>\n

If a dog’s behaviour suddenly changes, is training to blame?<\/h2>\n

Not necessarily. Pain, gastrointestinal discomfort, hearing or vision problems, sleep disturbances and other health issues can change a dog’s tolerance. A dog that once welcomed being touched may suddenly move away or growl. That does not automatically mean its “character has gone bad”. The first question should be whether it is uncomfortable.<\/p>\n

An integrative perspective reminds us that behaviour is not shaped exclusively on the training field. The environment, sleep quality, nutrition and physical wellbeing are all part of the same dog’s life. Researchers are increasingly investigating communication between the gut and brain, for example, but that does not mean we can label a particular dog’s anxiety a “microbiome problem” without examining other causes. A plausible mechanism is not a diagnosis.<\/p>\n

I also like a very ordinary thought: a dog’s behaviour develops partly within the environment we create. This is not about blaming owners. It gives us a chance to notice what we can change before assigning fixed personality labels to a dog.<\/p>\n

What should we consider when choosing a breed?<\/h2>\n

A breed’s historical working purpose is a useful starting point. If you are considering a high-drive working-line dog, do not assume every puppy will want to spend its days on the sofa. Equally, nobody can promise that “this breed is always good with children” or “this breed never has a prey drive”.<\/p>\n

When choosing a future dog, I would want to know about the parents’ temperament and health, how the puppies are raised, what the breeder has actually observed and whether our lifestyle meets the dog’s likely needs. With a dog already living alongside us, watching that dog’s individual behaviour matters even more. A breed description is a map; the dog itself is the landscape.<\/p>\n

My German Shepherds and one simple conclusion<\/h2>\n

That day in the forest, Faddu and Oscar reminded me of something no breed profile can do for me: I need to pay attention to the individual dog standing beside me. Fenton and our other dogs have only reinforced that lesson over the years. Their lives do not disprove breed tendencies, but they show why a statistical tendency is not a promise about one animal.<\/p>\n

I am not opposed to recognising breed traits. I am opposed to stopping our observations as soon as we have named the breed. If you would like to understand canine behaviour better, see our article on reading a dog’s body language.<\/p>\n

FendaF’s practical dog profile:<\/strong> Write down three situations that excite your dog, three in which your dog feels relaxed, and at least one situation where it needs more space. Observe over a couple of weeks whether the reactions are consistent or depend on sleep, activity, health and surroundings. If behaviour changes suddenly, particularly alongside pain or appetite changes, begin with a veterinary check. Seek help from a qualified behaviour professional if reactions remain dangerous.<\/div>\n

Sources<\/h3>\n

Morrill K. et al. (2022). Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes.<\/em> Science 376:eabk0639. DOI:10.1126\/science.abk0639. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9675396\/<\/a><\/p>\n

MacLean E. L. et al. (2019). Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour.<\/em> Proceedings B 286:20190716. DOI:10.1098\/rspb.2019.0716. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31575369\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Darwin’s Ark (2022). The breed and behavior study: research team explanation. https:\/\/darwinsark.org\/blog\/we-made-the-cover-of-science<\/a><\/p>\n

FendaF. Dog body language and how to read it. Dog body language and how to read it<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If someone had asked me years ago to describe a German Shepherd, I would probably have spoken confidently about alertness, trainability and a desire to work with people. Some of those expectations have a basis: working traits have been deliberately selected during the development of breeds. 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